Cultural Context Of Pregnancy And Childbirth Sociology Essay

Cultural Context Of Pregnancy And Childbirth Sociology Essay Childbirth, a universally experienced natural event is uniquely valued as a culturally relatable life experience. While common to all peoples and cultures it is deeply imbedded with significant beliefs, traditions and values unique to each culture. (Rassin, Klug, Nathanzon, Kan Silner, 2009) I will detail cultural variations found in Saudi Arabia with notations regarding how the Muslim religion places a significant influence on the experience of marriage, pregnancy and childrearing. The Muslim religion guides individual behavior in all aspects of life, including relationships between husband and wife, parent and child and between individual and society. Whereas western culture values the individual, independence and self-sufficiency and this outlook pervades all aspects of our society as well as influencing our perspectives on the world around us. By comparison Arabic Muslim societies reject the individual approach as a threat to social structure; sacrificing individuality to mainta in a collective way of life. (Achoui Dwairy, 2006) Historically, the American mans role in marriage, parenting and during childbirth has undergone a reconstruction in the last 50 years. Husbands used to be considered the dominant source of income and power in a marriage, a father functioned as a disciplinarian, in the birthing room a father was relegated to a separate location to wait till the delivery was over. Fathers today are considered partners in the marriage; they take a more nurturing roll in parenting and are considered an integral and vital member of the delivery team. Conversely, Arabian men and women have maintained more traditionally gender separated roles through all aspects of their lives from marriage, childbirth and the rearing of their young. Interestingly, the age at time of marriage is becoming closer between the two cultures, American women average marital age is 26 with mens average age being 27. Arabic women are tending to marry later in life in their early twenties instead of in their teens as the population moves toward urban life with greater emphasis on career. Arabic family life contrasts though with children being supported by their parents well into adulthood as the children mature they are expected to tend to the needs of their aging parents. (Rashad, Osman Roudi-Fahimi) Sexual virtue is highly valued in Muslim communities and there are stringent cultural norms that restrict the sexual and social behavior of women. (Papadopoulos, 2006) Marriage in this culture carries special social status, in particular on the bride as a rite of passage and is viewed as a socially, culturally and legally acceptable sexual relationship. (Rashad, Osman Roudi-Fahimi) Many Arabic couples choose a spouse for themselves although the marriage remains a social and economic contract between the two families. (Rashad, Osman Roudi-Fahimi) Early marriage is still seen, but tends to occur in lower socioeconomic and stricter religious sects or subcultures. There tends to be a wider age disparity between husband and wife the younger the female is in the marriage, with subsequently higher than average birth rates, lower levels of education, greater rates of sexually transmitted diseases and elevated mortality rates during pregnancy and delivery. (Rashad, Osman Roudi-Fahimi) Marriage creates pressure to begin bearing offspring regardless of the society, and here the number of children born to Americans and Arabs differs somewhat as Muslim women are virtually mandated by their Islamic religion to bear children, womens value and purpose is to build and raise a family, with pregnancy occurring earlier in an Arabic marriage often within the first few months. (Papadopoulos, 2006) Pregnancy is fundamentally the same throughout the world, but how we manage care of the pregnant women does differ. The number of women using birth control in Saudi Arabia is on the rise, (Rassin, Klug, Nathanzon, Kan Silner, 2009) yet women often require the permission of her husband for basic health care (Saudi Arabia: Womens, July) severely impacting womens health and ability to decide for herself the care she desires. Arabic women are much less likely to have genetic testing to assess for genetic anomalies or disorders despite the high rate of consanguinity found in the Arabic communities. (Rashad, Osman Roudi-Fahimi) Arabic women tend to not work outside the home during pregnancy and are less likely to have drivers licenses overall. (Rassin, Klug, Nathanzon, Kan Silner, 2009) Educational opportunities regarding pregnancy and the impending delivery are much less available to the Arabic woman as they are more often cared for by their mothers and mothers-in-law throughout their antenatal and post natal periods. (Rassin, Klug, Nathanzon, Kan Silner, 2009) The physical birth experience varies little and is universally regarded as one of the most joyous occasions but the social structures that surround labor and delivery varies greatly. Traditional Muslim deliveries are primarily a female only state of affair and the men are not expected to participate in the experience. (Linda Cassar, 2006) The delivery most often occurs at a hospital with the womans mother or mother-in-law in attendance. Arabic women tend to be more demonstrative expressing labor pain through screaming and crying yet they use epidural anesthesia less often. Almost all Arabic women also breast feed their newborns which may last on average 9 or more months. (Rassin, Klug, Nathanzon, Kan Silner, 2009) Many Muslim cultures have rituals that are used to protect the baby from evil spirits that may include the use of charms, amulets, stones, the reading of verses from the Quran, and the whispering of prayers in the newborns ears by the male family members. Circumcision of m ale children occurs among Arabic families though there is no prescribed time frame as is common to the Jewish faith. (Linda Cassar, 2006) The rearing of young is vastly different from culture to culture; the psychosocial development of children depends on how they are raised by their parents, and by their society. The behavior of the children influences the parents behavior just as the cultural values and norms influences the parents behaviors. Western cultures place emphasis on psychological individuation and tend to appreciate autonomy, fostering independence as the child matures to self-sufficiency. Arab societies tend to be collective and authoritarian, the extended and nuclear family are more important than the individual and the Muslim religion reinforces this collective point of view. Arabian children grow up with values of loyalty and respect for their families and are socialized with punishments to enforce these values, norms and behaviors. The Arab individual possesses an identity that is enmeshed in the collective family identity. (Achoui Dwairy, 2006) Achoui, M., Dwairy, M. (2006). Introduction to three cross-regional research studies on parenting styles, individuation, and mental health in arab societies. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, Vol. 37(No. 3), 221-229. Retrieved from http://ipac.kacst.edu.sa/eDoc/eBook/4465.pdf Cassar, L. (2006). Cultural expectations of Muslims and Orthodox Jews in regard to pregnancy and the postpartum period: a study in comparison and contrast. International Journal Of Childbirth Education, 21(2), 27. Papadopoulos, I. (2006). Transcultural health and social care: Development of culturally competent practitioners. Elsevier Health Sciences. Rashad, R., Osman, M., Roudi-Fahimi, F. (n.d.). Marriage in the arab world. In POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU. Washington, DC: POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/pdf05/marriageinarabworld_eng.pdf Rassin, M., Klug, E., Nathanzon, H., Kan, A., Silner, D. (2009). Cultural differences in child delivery: comparisons between Jewish and Arab women in Israel. International Nursing Review, 56(1), 123-130. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00681.x Saudi arabia: Womens rights promises broken. (July, 2009 08). Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/08/saudi-arabia-women-s-rights-promises-broken Selin, H. (2009). Childbirth across cultures: Ideas and practices of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum. New York: Springer Science and Business Media. (Selin, 2009)

The Five Sense Organs in Human Beings

The Five Sense Organs in Human Beings The sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system. Each sense organ contains different receptors. †¢General receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin, visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity), muscles, and joints. Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors found in the ears. Oooh, that smell: Olfaction Olfactory cells line the top of your nasal cavity. On one end, olfactory cells have cilia — hair-like attachments — that project into the nasal cavity. On the other end of the cell, are olfactory nerve fibers, which pass through the ethmoid bone and into the olfactory bulb. The ol factory bulb is directly attached to the cerebral cortex of your brain.As you breathe, anything that is in the air that you take in enters your nasal cavity: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, dust, pollen, chemicals. You don’t â€Å"smell† air or dust or pollen, but you can smell chemicals. The olfactory cells are chemoreceptors, which means the olfactory cells have protein receptors that can detect subtle differences in chemicals. The chemicals bind to the cilia, which generate a nerve impulse that is carried through the olfactory cell, into the olfactory nerve fiber, up to the olfactory bulb and to your brain. Your brain determines what you are smelling.If you are sniffing something that you haven’t experienced before, you need to use another sense, such as taste or sight, to make an imprint in your brain’s memory. Mmm, mmm, good: Taste The senses of smell and taste work closely together. If you cannot smell something, you cannot taste it, either. Taste buds on your tongue contain chemoreceptors that work in a similar fashion to the chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity. However, the chemoreceptors in the nose will detect any kind of smell, whereas there are four different types of taste buds, and each detects different types of tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.A common misconception is that the little bumps on your tongue are the taste buds. As with all misconceptions, this idea is wrong, too. The little bumps on your tongue are called papillae, and the taste buds actually lie down in the grooves between each papilla. Foods contain chemicals, and when you put something into your mouth, the taste buds in your tongue can detect what chemicals you are ingesting. Each taste bud has a pore at one end with microvilli sticking out of the pore, and sensory nerve fibers attached to the other end.Chemicals from food bind to the microvilli, generating a nerve impulse that is carried through the sensory nerve fibers and eventually to the brain. Now hear this: Sound The ear not only is the organ of hearing, but it also is responsible for maintaining equilibrium — or balance. To maintain equilibrium, the ear must detect movement. To hear, the ear must respond to mechanical stimulation by sound waves. The outer ear is the external opening to the ear canal. Sound waves are shuttled through the ear canal to the middle ear. The eardrum sets the mechanics in motion: 1.When a sound wave hits the eardrum, the eardrum moves tiny bones — the malleus, incus, and stapes — which subsequently move. 2. This movement is picked up by the mechanoreceptors in the inner ear, which exist on hair cells containing cilia between the end of the semicircular canals and the vestibule. 3. When the cilia move, the cells create an impulse that is sent through the cochlea to the eighth cranial nerve, which carries the impulse to the brain. 4. The brain then interprets the information as a specific sound. The fluid within the semicir cular canals of the inner ear moves, and that movement is ultimately detected by the cilia.When the fluid doesn’t stop moving, you can develop motion sickness. The cilia transmit impulses to the brain about angular and rotational movement, as well as movement through vertical and horizontal planes, which helps your body to keep its balance. Seeing is believing: Sight When you look at an eye, the iris is the colored part. The iris actually is a pigmented muscle that controls the size of the pupil, which dilates to allow more light into the eye or contracts to allow less light into the eye. The iris and pupil are covered by the cornea. Behind the pupil is an anterior chamber.Behind the anterior chamber is the lens. The ciliary body contains a small muscle that connects to the lens and the iris. The ciliary muscle changes the shape of the lens to adjust for far or near vision. The lens flattens to see farther away, and it becomes rounded for near vision. The process of changing the shape of the lens is called accommodation. People lose the ability of accommodation as they grow older, prompting the need for glasses. Behind the lens of the eye is the vitreous body, which is filled with a gelatinous material called vitreous humor.This substance gives shape to the eyeball and also transmits light to the very back of the eyeball, where the retina lies. The retina contains photoreceptors, which detect light. Two types of sensors detect light: †¢Rods detect motion. The rods work harder in low light. †¢Cones detect fine detail and color. The cones work best in bright light. There are three types of cones: one that detects blue, one that detects red, and one that detects green. Color blindness occurs when one type of cone is lacking. When light strikes the rods and cones, nerve impulses are generated.The impulse travels to two types of neurons: first to bipolar cells and then to ganglionic cells. The axons of ganglionic cells form the optic nerve. The opt ic nerve carries the impulse directly to the brain. Approximately 150 million rods are in a retina, but only 1 million ganglionic cells and nerve fibers are there, which means that many more rods can be stimulated than there are cells and nerve fibers to carry the impulses. Your eye must combine â€Å"messages† before the impulses are sent to the brain. A touchy-feely subject: TouchThe skin contains general receptors. These receptors can detect touch, pain, pressure, and temperature. Throughout your skin, you have all four of these receptors interspersed. Skin receptors generate an impulse when activated, which is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain. The skin is not the only tissue in the body to have receptors, however. Your organs, which are made of tissues, also have receptors. Joints, ligaments, and tendons contain proprioceptors, which detect the position and movement of the limbs.

Globalization, Capitalism And The Everyday Essay - 1632 Words

Theory Theoretically this thesis engages with capitalist and neoliberal literature followed by literature on everyday narratives to be able to contextualize consequences of historical and recent developments in the Kurdistan Region (KR), addressed in literature section, and the ways people have been affected by them are connected to the aforementioned topics. In this section, I argue that through the intervention of outside institutions and governments, foreign advisors and experts, and returnees from diaspora, a new politico-economic model begins to emerge, albeit very slowly and takes force in the late 1990s and reaches it apex in the late 2000s. I work towards answering questions such as, how and why this model was implemented and who were the actors, advisors, and think tanks behind it? What are the consequences on everyday experiences for individuals and the collective? These questions will be answered by engaging with ethnographic works and theoretical literature on neoliberalism, capitalism and the everyday. To follow the historical roots of political and economic developments and trace their everyday affects vis-à  -vis ethnographic narratives. To understand how in Kurdistan a small elite made up of local politicians, World Bank officials, economic advisors and class of businessmen have come to test their righteous neoliberal age nda on previously neglected, underdeveloped region. A place requiring development and modern changes, politically but most importantly,Show MoreRelatedThe Reasons For Anti Globalization Protests1263 Words   |  6 Pagesto Al-Rodhan, Globalization is defined as the process of integration across the whole world uprising from the interchange of values and ideas of different aspects including political, economical, social, environmental and cultural aspects. 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Insight Physical Fitness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2104 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Fitness Essay Did you like this example? What I Know Physical fitness is a factor that many people in recent years have been applying to their daily lifestyle. Even though physical fitness has been around for decades, it has become much more of a norm and a routine for people, such as myself. Physical fitness has been a drastic impact on my lifestyle for years now. For the longest time that I can remember, I was always overweight and have heard from doctors to lose weight. As I wanted to make a change for myself, I found physical fitness to help me with losing weight. Over the past 5 years, physical fitness has been part of my life. Although there were times I fell off, I came back and have improved from my failures. Over those 5 years, I have dedicated many hours of my time to help myself, and my interest for physical fitness has grown as well. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Insight Physical Fitness" essay for you Create order With the growth in my interest for physical fitness, I personally wanted to learn how to target certain muscle groups and further increase the growth in my muscles. I resorted to YouTube for tips and advice to improve my knowledge. The help from YouTube helped me branch my knowledge into what I know today. I continue to still use YouTube and other resources to keep improving my knowledge. Yet, when it comes to physical fitness though, there is knowledge out there that I still have not read about or learned. What I Want to Know There are many questions and information that I want to learn about physical fitness, but being realistic that is nearly impossible to retain. However, there are some questions that I have interest in learning more information about. Why is physical fitness important to a persons health? How do you add size and strength to your muscles? What are different ways to increase volume to increase time under tension of the muscles? How do you help prepare your body for later phases of training? How do muscle cramps or spasms occur? When should an athlete see a physician for an injury? Finally, why is physical fitness starting to get more popular in todays generation? How I Found My Answers In the first place, when looking to research these questions, I immediately thought of Google. This is because Google is a broad search engine that can bring up information on about anything. Not all of the information that comes from Google is not always reliable. However, Google does have a search section for scholarly articles and it provided me with some answers that were hard to find. I knew that Google was not my only source of information though. With having a broad knowledge of physical fitness, I knew there were also credible sites such as bodybuilding.com and exrx.net. These sites provided me with some information about aspects of physical fitness. While being in CWP 101, we were shown the E. H. Butler Library where we could search scholarly and peer-review articles which assisted me with my research. Knowing all these different sources, I knew that I had a broad area where I could search for information regarding my questions. Answers I Found Physical fitness plays an influential role throughout a persons life. Physical fitness helps people maintain their body, lifestyle, and health. Everyone performs physical activity in order to sustain life; however, the amount is largely subject to personal choice and may vary considerably from person to person as well as for a given person over time (Physical activity 127). The amount of time a person spends during physical fitness plays a role in the attributes that they want to achieve. Physical fitness falls into two select categories, one category is related to health and the other category is related to the athletic ability. However, the category that a person might fall under is going to vary from person to person. The type of category a person falls under can help determine the growth of their muscles. Muscle growth results from time under tension of the muscles. Time under tension is used for strength training and conditioning. Time under tension stresses your muscles out during resistance training. These stresses cause varying degrees of muscle damage, resulting in a recovery process that culminates with an adaptation of muscle fibers becoming desensitized to the aggravating stimulus (Influence of Baseline). The muscle damage that occurs, tears your muscle fibers, allowing your muscles to rebuild new muscle fibers. While the muscle fibers tear, blood is forced into the muscles that you are working out and gives more oxygen to those muscles. Which in the long run helps create new muscle strength and muscle growth. Prior to working out, it is recommended to prepare your body for physical fitness. This will help you give a better understanding of how your body works. A prior thing every person should do before working out is by giving themselves an assessment. In the article Fitness Program it is stated that assessing and recording baseline fitness scores can give you benchmarks against which to measure your progress. Given that you have a prior assessment, it can help you see your starting progress and your end progress throughout your physical fitness journey. Secondly, you should assemble a fitness routine that fits your prior assessment. When creating a schedule you should keep in mind the goals that you want to achieve. By having set goals these can motivate you or keep you on track to where you want to be. Also within a routine make sure to switch things up by trying new workouts. Plan to alternate among activities that emphasize different parts of your body, such as walking, swimming and strength training (Fitness Program). Incorporating different types of physical fitness can keep your body free of the same old routine and also help target new muscle groups that you might have not targeted before. When working out muscles it is not always easy to have things go as planned. Muscle cramps are painful contractions of your muscles and they can last for a few minutes or even longer. There was very little known about muscle cramps in the early 1990s. Until cases started to be recorded. The first few cases that were recorded had to do with heat exposure. The heat exposure resulted from other occurring problems within the body. [H]ot and humid conditions that resulted in substantial loss of fluid from the interstitial fluid space and critical deficits in salt. (The Evolution 6). The hot conditions caused peoples bodies to become dehydrated, causing them the muscle cramps. A way to help prevent muscle cramps is by constantly staying hydrated by drinking fluids. Throughout the duration of someones physical fitness journey, they are likely prone to endure a physical injury. Physical injuries can happen from all types of various reasons, but the chance of knowing you have one is hard to tell at times. In most cases, people do not tend to see a physician, because they generally do not know they have an injury. Knowing when to see your doctor is an important step in this process.However, it is much more difficult to know when to seek help if there is no obvious trauma or if the symptoms dont get in the way of playing (After a Sports Injury). Seeing a physician is an important part of a persons lifestyle, it can assure that they are getting the proper treatment they need. But also ensuring that the injury they may have possibly caused to their body does not keep getting worse, making it a more serious problem for them. There are ways to tell when a person should see a physician due to a possible injury. If a persons symptoms do not go away after treatment at home or a few days of rests, then they should see a physician. A person should also see a physician when there are any unusual conditions during physical activity that affects their performance. It is always better to be safe than sorry when coming to injuries. Every person knows what their body can handle and an injury that occurs from physical fitness should be evaluated by a physician to ensure that everything is normal. On the other hand, people who are not injured, are enjoying a healthy lifestyle that is filled with physical activity. In recent years physical fitness has been increasing among people. This is partially due to the culture we live in today. We have so many influencers, and those influencers portray an image on to their followers. However, there are many other major factors that have grown the popularity status of physical fitness. Physical fitness appeals to all ages, as it provides people with a better state of health. Not only does physical fitness involve activity, but also involves nutrition. Once consumers start thinking more carefully about their dietary decisions, they naturally start thinking about other ways they can enhance their health (The Six Reasons). People who change their diet habits naturally want to adapt and change their lifestyle too. By people changing their lifestyle, they are looking to boost themselves and reduce other health factors that might play a role in their life. Physical fitness will always play a role throughout the society we live in. People will always constantly want to be improving their health, body, and lifestyle. Everyone that does physical fitness will take their own path and find what is right for them. With people taking their own paths we can learn from them and can continue developing more knowledge within the fitness industry. There were many interesting facts that I have found while researching physical fitness. The knowledge that I learned throughout this research will stick with me and continue to develop my mindset. It is amazing how physical fitness interacts with the human body, which catches my attention. Physical fitness will always be a part of my life and will always continue to develop over time for me. I do not know what I would do without it. It helped me be who I am today. Annotated Bibliography After a Sports Injury: When to See the Doctor. HealthyChildren.org, 7 Nov. 2018. I chose this source because it had specifics details on when to see a physician for an injury. I learned that you should take any unusual discomfort as a sign to see a physician. I consider this to be reliable because it is from an organization about health in children. Caspersen, C J et al. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research Public health reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974) vol. 100,2 (1985): 126-31. I used this source because it had information about why physical fitness is important to people. I learned that physical fitness plays an important role in peoples lifestyles. I consider this to be a reliable source because it is a scholarly source and provides valid facts. Fitness Program: 5 Steps to Get Started. Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 20 Aug. 2016. I chose this source because it provided different ways to prepare for later phases of training. I learned that it takes more than just setting a routine to have a decent preparation list prior to training. I consider this to be a reliable source because it is from a popular health hospital. Mangine, Gerald T et al. Influence of Baseline Muscle Strength and Size Measures on Training Adaptations in Resistance-trained Men International journal of exercise science vol. 11,4 198-213. 1 May. 2018 I selected this source because it provided information on how muscles grow and how to gain strength. I learned that it muscle fibers tear to rebuild new muscle fiber, making your muscles stronger. I consider this to be a reliable source because it is a scholarly source and the author has expert knowledge in this field. Midgley, Ben. The Six Reasons The Fitness Industry Is Booming. Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Sept. 2018. I used this source because it provided me with information on why physical fitness is becoming more popular. I learned that physical fitness is growing more in todays society due to influencers and the persons desires. I consider this to be a reliable source because it is a magazine company that facts check their sources. Miller, Kevin C. The Evolution of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramp Research ACSMs Health Fitness Journal, January 2018 I selected this source because it provided information muscle cramps come to be. I learned that muscle cramps occur due to dehydration of the muscles. I consider this to be a reliable source because it is a scholarly source and this is not the authors first time to publish an article in a fitness journal.